Starvation of children in Syria – sanctions and the politics of revenge.

As Syria completes two years of western sanctions (2011–13), their dramatic effects on health are being highlighted with first reports of starvation deaths among children in the suburbs of Damascus. Although heavy fighting has taken place in this area, experts had predicted for some time the unworkability of sanctions for regime change, arguing that only civilians would pay the price in a country (Syria in this case) which was once well on the way to meeting the Millennium Development Goals 4 targets on reducing child mortality. In this, as in the case of other "sanctioned" countries, it is not just "civilians" but the most vulnerable among them – children, who are experiencing the tragic consequences of sanctions.

Enfermidades de cutias (dasyprocta aguti) criadas em cativeiro diagnosticadas pelo exame anatomopatológico / Diseases of agouti (dasyprocta aguti) raised in captivity diagnosed by pathological examination

O exame necroscópico é especialmente útil no diagnóstico de enfermidades em animais silvestres. Em muitas ocasiões, as manifestações clínicas não são características como em animais domésticos, sendo frequente a ocorrência de óbitos em animais assintomáticos. Este trabalho objetivou realizar um estudo retrospectivo sobre as doenças de cutias diagnosticadas pelo Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, através do exame anatomopatológico no período de 2006 a 2009. Em 32 cutias submetidas à necropsia, as percentagens das enfermidades diagnosticadas foram: morte perinatal pelo complexo inanição/hipotermia (21,6 por cento), urolitíase obstrutiva (6,24 por cento), distocia (6,24 por cento), obstrução do ceco por areia - sablose (6,24 por cento), intussuscepção (3,20 por cento), fecaloma (3,20 por cento) e obstrução do esôfago (3,20 por cento). Dezesseis (16) animais permaneceram sem diagnóstico, dos quais nove (28,48 por cento) apresentavam avançado estado autolítico e em sete (21,60 por cento) não foram observadas lesões macro e microscópicas compatíveis com nenhuma enfermidade. Este artigo apresenta relatos de doenças ainda não descritas em cutias e seus resultados poderão produzir literatura sobre os aspectos patológicos destas enfermidades nessa espécie.

Necroscopic examination is remarkably useful to diagnose wild animal's diseases. In several occasions the clinical signs are not charactheristic as in domestic animals and the occurrence of death in asymptomatic animals is frequent. Thus, the present work aimed to accomplish a retrospective study on agouti diseases diagnosed by pathological examination in the Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid, through January 2006 to December 2006. In 32 agoutis submitted to the necropsy, the percentage of diagnosed diseases was: perinatal death due hypothermia/ inanition complex (21.6 percent), obstructive urolithiasis (6.24 percent), dystocia (6.24 percent), cecum sablosis (6.24 percent), intussusceptions (3.20 percent), fecaloma (3.20 percent) and esophagus obstruction (3.20 percent). A total of 16 (50.08 percent) animals remained undiagnosed in which nine (28.48 percent) showed advanced autolysis and seven (21.60 percent) agouti had none macroscopic or microscopic lesions compatible with any disease. The present article presents reports of some diseases not yet diagnosed in agoutis and these results may produce literature review about the pathologic aspects of these diseases in this species.

Sobrevivência do ácaro Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) na ausência de alimento / Survival of the mite Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) under starvation

A habilidade de um inimigo natural de suportar a inanição aumenta suas chances de sobrevivência na ausência de alimento, o que é um fator importante para seu sucesso em ambientes de armazenamento de grãos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência de Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) na ausência de alimento. O experimento consistiu na utilização de fêmeas de A. lacunatus em processo de fisogastria, individualizadas em placas de Petri (5 cm diâmetro) e mantidas às temperaturas de 20, 25, 28, 30 e 32°C, 50 ± 5 por cento de U.R. e escotofase de 24h. O número de ácaros vivos foi contabilizado a cada 6h, avaliando-se assim, a sobrevivência da progênie de A. lacunatus sob regime de inanição, nas diferentes temperaturas. Nas temperaturas de 30°C e 32°C, os indivíduos de A. lacunatus morreram até 60h enquanto nas temperaturas de 20, 25 e 28°C a mortalidade ocorreu após 108h na ausência de alimento. O tempo médio para a morte dos indivíduos da progênie de A. lacunatus foi de 58,6h nas temperaturas abaixo de 28°C e de 39,3h para as temperaturas mais altas. Os ácaros submetidos à inanição tenderam a viver mais em temperaturas baixas, o que talvez seja explicado pela diminuição do seu metabolismo. Entretanto, A. lacunatus conseguiu sobreviver por cerca de 90h à temperatura de 28°C, a qual é comumente observada em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, o que pode favorecer sua utilização para o controle de insetos de produtos armazenados nessas regiões.

The ability of a natural enemy to tolerate starvation increases its chances to survive in the absence of food, what is an important factor for its success in storage grain environment. The objective of the present work was to assess the survival of Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) in the absence of food. The experiment used individualized physogastric females of A. lacunatus placed in petri dishes (5 cm diameter) and maintained at 20, 25, 28, 30 and 32°C, 50 ± 5 percent R.H. and 24h scotophase. The number of live mites was recorded every 6h thus assessing the progeny survival without food at different temperatures. The mites died within 60h at the temperatures 30°C and 32°C, while they survived for up to 108h at 20, 25 and 28°C. The mean lethal time for death was 58.6h for the lowest temperatures and 39.3h for the highest temperatures. Thus, A. lacunatus subjected to starvation lived longer under lower temperatures, what is probably due to its lower metabolism. In contrast, the mites survived for about 90h at 28°C, temperature commonly observed in tropical and subtropical climates, what may favor their use as control agents of stored product insects in these regions.

Resistance to starvation of Triatoma rubrofasciata (De Geer, 1773) under laboratory conditions (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)

The present work aims at learning the period of resistance to starvation (molting/death) of Triatoma rubrofasciata in different stages of development and the respective loss of weight until death. Eggs of specimens from the greater area of the city of Säo Luis in the State of Maranhäo, Brazil, yielded approximately 300 nymphs. These nymphs were placed in labelled Borrel glasses, in which they were weekly fed on rats (Rattus norvegicus), until reaching the stage to be observed. The experiments were conducted in a climatic chamber regulated at 29 ñ 1ºC, 70 per cent relative humidity and 12 hr photoperiod. The resistance to starvation increased according to the stage of development, except for adult bugs, whose results were similar to the 3rd stage nymphs. In all these development stages there was an abrupt loss of weight in the first week, followed by a gradual loss until death. Comparing this work with those of other autors, it was observed that T. rubrofasciata is among the less resistant triatomine species.